RESUMEN
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a significant health and financial issue in the current century. Despite significant attempts to manage the illness, the transmission routes of the virus and its widespread genomic mutations have led to an increasing number of new infections and mortality rates. In the absence of specific treatment for this new virus, identifying and managing factors affecting the prognosis of the disease is one of the critical strategies to reduce disease mortality. Patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA), who account for an estimated half a billion people globally, are more prone to infections due to immune system disorders. Since they visit hospitals more frequently for follow-up care and diagnosis, they are more susceptible to becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2. Once infected with SARS-CoV-2, low hemoglobin (Hb) levels and compromised immune systems disrupt the restriction of infection in these individuals, ultimately leading to severe complications of COVID-19.
RESUMEN
In late 2019, SARS-CoV-2 was transmitted from animal to human in China. Subsequently, the virus spread rapidly throughout the world by human-to-human transmission and caused high mortality the people with underlying diseases, especially hypertension. This virus binds to its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), via the S protein. ACE2 has a negative regulatory function in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and degrades angiotensin 2 (Ang II) as a vasoconstrictor which causes blood pressure regulation. It also converts Ang II to Ang1-7, which has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with hypertension reduces ACE2 levels due to virus binding, which decreases Ang II degradation. Consequently, the complications associated with hypertension are raised, and blood pumping from the lungs into the left atrium lowers. On the other hand, the final product, Ang1-7, is reduced, and its related anti-inflammatory activity is also eliminated. The virus multiplies and damages lung cells, causing inflammation and edema of the lung tissue through the function of immune cells and cytokines, which eventually leads to lung damage, reduced oxygen delivery, and death. Careful care of patients with hypertension can prevent their infection and reduce their death with appropriate oxygen therapy and possibly using exogenous ACE2 supplements. © 2022 by the authors.
RESUMEN
SARS-CoV-2 in bats was transmitted to humans by a peridomestic mammal in China and it was transmitted from humans to humans very quickly through coughing and sneezing and is spread all over the world and created coronavirus disease 2019. The disease causes a variety of symptoms in patients and it has killed a significant number of people around the world, especially people with underlying diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Early diagnosis of patients is very important to prevent the transmission of the disease from humans to humans and the spread of the virus. The virus causes abnormal computed tomography scans, lymphopenia, leukopenia, increased C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase in a significant number of patients. The standard method for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection is real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction with 2 genes RdRp and E being identified together in 1 experiment. Other methods such as cell culture, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification, next-generation sequencing, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and antigenic assessment can be used to study and identify the virus. IgG and IgM antibodies against S and N proteins are evaluated to recognize people who have been previously infected with the virus. © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.